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Flow routing
Flow routing is a procedure to determine the time and magnitude of flow (i.e., the flow hydrograph) at a point on a watercourse from known or assumed hydrographs at one or more points upstream. The procedure is specifically known as ''Flood routing'', if the flow is a Flood.〔Chow V. T, Maidment D. R, Mays L.W (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw1Hill International Editions: Singapore.〕〔Akan A. O (2006). Open Channel Hydraulics. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA.〕
In order to determine the change in shape of a hydrograph of a flooding as it travels through a natural river or artificial channel, different flood simulation techniques can be used. Traditionally, the hydraulic (e.g. ''dynamic'' and ''diffusion'' wave models) and hydrologic (e.g. ''linear'' and ''nonlinear'' ''Muskingum'' models) routing procedures that are well known as distributed and lumped ways to hydraulic and hydrologic practitioners, respectively, can be utilized. The hydrologic models need to estimate hydrologic parameters using recorded data in both upstream and downstream sections of rivers and/or by applying robust optimization techniques to solve the one-dimensional conservation of mass and storage-continuity equation.〔Barati R (2011). Parameter estimation of nonlinear Muskingum models using Nelder-Mead Simplex algorithm. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 16(11): 946-954.〕 On the other hand, hydraulic models require the gathering of a lot of data related to river geometry and morphology and consume a lot of computer resources in order to solve the Saint-Venant equations numerically.〔Chaudhry MH (1993) Open-Channel Flow. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.〕〔Samani H. M. V, Shamsipour G. A (2004). Hydrologic flood routing in branched river systems via nonlinear optimization. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 42(1): 55-59.〕〔Akbari G. H, Barati R (2012). Comprehensive analysis of flooding in unmanaged catchments. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Management, 165(4): 229-238.〕 However, nowadays, semi-distributed models such as Muskingum–Cunge family procedures are also available. Simple physically concepts and common river characteristic consist of channel geometry, reach length, roughness coefficient, and slop are used to estimate the model parameters without complex and expensive numerical solutions.〔Cunge J. A (1969). On the subject of a flood propagation computational method (Muskingum method). Journal of Hydraulic Research, 7(2): 2051230.〕〔Perumal M (1994). Hydrodynamic derivation of a variable parameter Muskingum method: 1. Theory and solution procedure. Hydrological sciences journal, 39(5): 431–442.〕〔Barati R, Akbari GH and Rahimi S (2013) Flood routing of an unmanaged river basin using Muskingum–Cunge model; field application and numerical experiments. Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research.〕
In general, based on the available field data and goals of a project, one of these approaches is utilized for the simulation of flooding in rivers and channels.
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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